Foot fracture

　　Foot fractures are generally caused by the destruction of the foot bones due to great violence. The specific causes of this disease are as follows.

　　1, Indirect violence

　　When indirect violence acts, it causes fractures at a distant location through longitudinal conduction, lever action, or torsion, such as when the foot lands on the ground after falling from a height, the trunk bends forward sharply due to gravity, and the vertebral bodies at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar spine are subjected to the force of the knife, causing compression fractures (conduction).

　　2, Cumulative fatigue injury

　　Long-term, repeated, and mild direct or indirect injuries can cause a specific part of the limb to fracture, such as the second and third metatarsal and the lower 1/3 of the diaphysis of the fibula are prone to fractures during long-distance marching.

　　Foot fractures are generally caused by the destruction of the foot bones due to great violence. The specific complications of this disease are as follows.

　　1, Shock: Severe injury, caused by massive bleeding or injury to important organs due to fracture.

　　2, Fat embolism syndrome: Occurs in adults, due to excessive tension of the hematoma within the bone cavity of the fracture, causing fat droplets to enter the broken venous sinus, which can lead to pulmonary and cerebral fat embolism.

　　Patients with foot fractures may experience local swelling, pain, and functional impairment after talus fracture. The talus is extremely painful during passive movement of the ankle joint, and deformity occurs with obvious displacement or dislocation. In addition to pain, swelling, and functional impairment of the heel bone in the case of calcaneal fracture, ecchymosis may occur, which is more common on the medial aspect of the heel and the sole. In severe cases, the transverse diameter of the heel increases, the arch flattens, and the foot becomes longer. When falling from a height, if the impact force is large, the heel may land first, causing the spine to flex forward, leading to vertebral compression fractures or dislocations, or even the impact force transmitted along the spine, causing cranial base fractures and cranial brain injuries. Therefore, when diagnosing calcaneal fractures, it is routine to inquire about and examine the condition of the spine and brain. Fractures of the metatarsal and phalanges cause obvious swelling and pain in the forefoot or toe area. The diagnosis of avulsion fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal should be distinguished from the open epiphysis of the metatarsal base and the sesamoid bone of the longus fibula muscle, as the latter two are not significantly painful or swollen, the bone fragments are smooth and regular, and they are bilateral. Fatigue fractures of the metatarsal neck initially cause pain in the forefoot, which worsens after exertion and improves after rest. After 2-3 weeks, a bony prominence can be felt locally. Due to the lack of a history of obvious traumatic injury, it is prone to misdiagnosis.

　　Long-term, repeated, and slight direct or indirect injury can cause a specific part of the limb to fracture, such as long-distance marching can easily cause fractures of the second, third metatarsal bones, and the lower 1/3 of the shaft of the fibula. Foot fractures are caused by external force, and their prevention mainly lies in avoiding trauma.

　　Foot fracture refers to fractures occurring in the tarsal bone, calcaneus, metatarsal bone, and phalanges of the foot. In addition to relying on clinical manifestations and signs, patients with this disease usually undergo X-ray examination, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging.

　　Early diet for patients with foot fractures should be light, which is conducive to removing blood stasis and reducing swelling. In the later stage, it should be spicy, and appropriate diet should be chosen to nourish the liver and kidney, which is beneficial for the healing of fractures and the recovery of function. Patients should also pay attention to eating more vegetables, proteins, and diets rich in vitamins to prevent the occurrence and development of osteoporosis.

　　After serious trauma in patients with foot fractures, severe pain stimulation can cause shock, therefore, necessary painkillers should be administered. Oral painkillers, such as analgesic tablets, or injections of analgesics, such as 10 milligrams of morphine or 50 milligrams of Pethidine, can also be used. It is not advisable to apply cold compresses if there are wounds, and the bleeding should be stopped by pressing with a sterile gauze. In case of severe bleeding that is difficult to stop or cannot be stopped by compression (usually refers to open fractures of the thigh or severe bleeding in other parts), a tourniquet or a bandage should be used to tie the area near the heart, and the patient should be sent to the hospital immediately, while continuously communicating with the injured person to pay attention to their condition and prevent excessive blood loss leading to unconsciousness, shock, or even death.