Early Pregnancy

　　The etiology of severe vomiting in the early stages of pregnancy is unknown to date and may be mainly related to the imbalance of the body's hormone mechanism and mental state. The role of hormones refers to the highest level of hCG in the body during the early stages of pregnancy when pregnancy vomiting is most severe; the concentration of hCG in the blood of patients with twin pregnancy or hydatidiform mole is significantly increased, and the incidence of severe vomiting is also significantly increased, all indicating a close relationship between this disease and hCG. In addition, if the adrenal cortex function is low, its corticosteroid secretion is insufficient, leading to disorders of water and sugar metabolism in the body, and the appearance of symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. Moreover, when using ACTH or corticosteroid treatment, the symptoms can be significantly improved, so it is also considered that the reduction of adrenal cortex function is also related to severe pregnancy vomiting. Some believe that a lack of vitamin B6 may also be one of the causes of the disease. In any case, mental factors have a significant relationship with the occurrence of pregnancy vomiting. Especially if pregnant women have a fear of pregnancy itself, or have a dislike, or are influenced by folk feudal and superstitious ideas, etc., these can all lead to more severe vomiting. Pregnant women with a history of severe dysmenorrhea are more likely to have severe pregnancy vomiting.

　　The main complications during pregnancy include:
　　1, Gestational hypertension disease
　　If gestational hypertension is not well controlled, it may lead to preeclampsia. If the placenta is prematurely detached and the fetus needs to be delivered prematurely, there will be many problems after the fetus is born prematurely. If the symptoms of gestational hypertension are severe, the mortality rate of the fetus may be about 6%.
　　2, Gestational diabetes
　　Mother's influence: May cause diabetic ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetes coma. Pregnant women with gestational diabetes have a 50% chance of becoming diabetic in 10 years. The influence on infants and newborns: Hypoglycemia.

　　In the early stages of pregnancy, many women feel tired, lack energy, and want to sleep. However, this period will not last long and will pass quickly. Generally speaking, for women with sufficient sexual activity, if they do not have their period a week after their menstrual cycle, they should go to the hospital to check their urine to see if they are pregnant.
　　Some women experience a change in appetite soon after their period is late (1-2 weeks). They may not want to eat their favorite foods anymore. They may not want to eat food they have already eaten once. Some may not want to eat at all or even vomit, while others may crave sour foods. Usually, these symptoms naturally disappear after half a month to a month.
　　After pregnancy, stimulated by estrogen and progesterone, the breasts gradually enlarge in the early stages of pregnancy, the color of the nipples and areola deepens, and there may be dark brown nodules around the nipples. After 12 weeks, there may also be a small amount of clear fluid-like milk secretion.
　　This is the most common pregnancy sign noticed by most people. For women of childbearing age with normal menstruation, if they do not have their period more than two weeks after normal sexual activity, it may be a sign of pregnancy.
　　In the early stages of pregnancy, skin pigmentation and stretch marks on the abdominal wall may occur, especially more明显 in the later stages of pregnancy.
　　In the third month of pregnancy, due to the pressure of the increasingly enlarged uterus on the bladder, the bladder capacity becomes smaller, and frequent urination and urgency often occur.

　　The early stages of pregnancy are a very sensitive period, and it is also the initial stage of embryo formation. It is easily affected by various external factors and stimuli, so women need to pay attention to this and understand what precautions should be taken in the early stages of pregnancy:

　　1. Prevent colds:Common cold and influenza are both respiratory infections caused by viruses. Although common cold has little effect on the fetus, if the body temperature is maintained at around 39℃ for a long time, it may cause embryonic malformation. Especially influenza, not only can the virus cause malformation of the embryo or fetus, but high fever and the toxicity of the virus can also stimulate uterine contraction, causing miscarriage. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid public places in the early stages of pregnancy, especially during the flu season, and avoid contact with people with colds in daily life.

　　2. Do not take medicine on your own:If a pregnant woman experiences common cold, headache, insomnia, and other discomforts between 30 and 40 days of pregnancy, she should not take medicine on her own. This is the period when the embryo tissue is most sensitive to drugs, and the newly formed embryo is very delicate, easily damaged by some drugs, leading to malformation or miscarriage. It is strictly forbidden to use aspirin or other antipyretics during fever. It is necessary to see a doctor in time and inform the doctor of the pregnancy time so that the doctor can select effective drugs that will not harm the fetus.

　　3. Prohibit abdominal X-ray examination:Especially during the 15-56 days of early pregnancy, the organs of the embryo are in a highly differentiated and forming stage. Once exposed to X-rays, especially abdominal X-rays, it is very easy to cause embryonic malformation, such as microcephaly, mental retardation, brain edema, and small eyes, among other developmental defects. Therefore, X-ray exposure is strictly prohibited in the first two months of pregnancy. In addition, routine chest X-rays during pregnancy can be postponed until after the fourth month, and X-ray pelvis measurements should also be avoided in the early stages of pregnancy, preferably scheduled around the 36th week of pregnancy.

　　4. Do not bathe for too long:Nausea and vomiting in the early stages of pregnancy usually make the pregnant woman's body relatively weak. If the bathing time is too long, it is easy to become too tired, causing dizziness, fainting in the bathroom, or catching a cold due to cold exposure. Especially if the bath lasts too long, it can cause uterine congestion, stimulate the uterine muscles to contract, and trigger a miscarriage.

　　In the early stages of pregnancy, various sudden situations may occur. It is important to actively understand the related symptoms of the early stages of pregnancy and be aware of the necessary precautions. Correspondingly, take appropriate measures to ensure physical health and the intake of nutrition.

　　Pregnant women in the early stages of pregnancy need to undergo a variety of related examinations, the purpose of which is to establish a pregnancy health manual, determine the gestational age, calculate the expected delivery date, and assess high-risk factors during pregnancy. The examinations include blood pressure, body mass index, fetal heart rate, blood routine, urine routine, blood type (ABO and Rh), fasting blood glucose, liver function, kidney function, hepatitis B surface antigen, syphilis, HIV screening, electrocardiogram, and so on.
　　之前没有做过婚检、孕前检查的人，还要增加地中海贫血的筛查；家里养宠物的人，则要增加寄生虫检查。

　　胎儿生长的所需营养都来自于孕妇。孕妇必须从食物中获取足够的营养，以满足自身的营养和胎儿生长发育的需要。孕妇的进食要适当，比平时应增加25％，但孕末期要适当控制进食量，防止营养过剩，因进食过多可导致消化不良，妊娠糖尿病和妊娠高血压病等，尤其脂肪过多易使分娩时发生难产。
　　同时要防止孕妇营养不良，主要是严重的早孕反应，孕妇偏食或怕影响美观而节食造成的。如果整个孕期体重增加不到6公斤，会导致一些不良后果，如贫血、骨质疏松，甚至可引起流产、早孕，以及婴儿出生后发育不良、体弱多病、智力低下等症状。

　　孕妇饮食禁忌较多，不饮浓茶、咖啡、吸烟、酗酒；少食辛辣刺激性的食物，如葱、姜、蒜、辣椒、芥末、咖喱粉等调味料。这些辛辣食物会随母体的血液循环进入胎儿体内，给胎心不良刺激，不利于胎心的正常发育。

　　怀孕不是疾病，但可出现一些不适症状，常见表现为停经。有性生活史生育年龄妇女，月经过期10日或以上，应疑为妊娠。停经可能是妊娠最早与最重要的症状。但需注意停经不一定就是妊娠。早孕反应约半数妇女于停经6周左右出现畏寒、头晕、乏力、嗜睡、流涎、食欲不振、喜食酸物或厌恶油腻、恶心、晨起呕吐等症状，称早孕反应。早孕反应多于妊娠12周左右自行消失。尿频于妊娠早期出现尿频，系增大的前倾子宫在盆腔内压迫膀胱所致。约在妊娠12周以后，当宫体进入腹腔不再压迫膀胱时，尿频症状自然消失。　　

　　怀孕期间尤其是孕早期，为保护胎儿，一般不用西药或手术治疗。