Chronic cystitis

　　Chronic cystitis often occurs due to the migration of acute upper urinary tract infections or chronic infections, or can be induced or secondary to certain lower urinary tract lesions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urethral stricture, bladder calculi or foreign bodies, hymen fusion at the urethral orifice, hymen prolapse, and paraurethral glanditis, etc. If the primary disease causing chronic cystitis is not eliminated, the symptoms of cystitis will not disappear.

　　The pathological changes are similar to acute inflammation, with mild mucosal congestion, obvious edema and hyperplasia, and frequent mucosal ulcers. There may be pseudomembranous exudates covering the surface. The mucosa loses its luster, the vascular patterns are unclear, and it appears pale with a rough and thickened surface. Small cysts and small nodules may be visible. In mild cases, the lesions are located in the mucosal layer and submucosal layer, with infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages; in severe cases, the entire layer is involved, with widespread fibrous tissue hyperplasia in the muscular layer, a decrease in bladder capacity, and even the formation of a contracted small bladder. The inflammation can also invade and form perivesical inflammation or fibrosis.

　　In addition to general symptoms, chronic cystitis can also lead to other diseases. This disease can cause widespread fibrous tissue hyperplasia in the固有层 and muscular layer of the bladder mucosa, leading to a decrease in bladder capacity and the formation of inflammatory bladder contraction, which is a rare complication.

　　Chronic cystitis can cause recurrent attacks and persistent symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and pain during urination, but it is not as obvious as acute cystitis. Those with significant reduction in bladder capacity may experience increased frequency of urination, discomfort in the supra-pubic bladder area, and more obvious pain when the bladder is full. In cases of urinary tract obstruction, there may be difficulty in urination and cloudy urine.

　　The preventive measures for chronic cystitis include the following aspects:
　　1. Drink enough water
　　Drinking enough water is the key to preventing cystitis. Treat drinking 6-8 cups of plain water every day as part of a healthy diet, and minimize the intake of alcohol and caffeine. Do not develop the bad habit of holding in urine, and urinate every two or three hours.
　　2. Avoid irritants
　　Do not use feminine hygiene spray or talcum powder around the perineum, and do not use any chemical agents to rinse the vagina.
　　3. Choose shower
　　Avoid using shower oil and change to showering method for bathing.
　　4. Keep private parts clean
　　Keep the private parts clean and hygienic, especially during the menstrual period.
　　6. Reduce sexual stimulation
　　Sexual activity can cause friction at the urethral orifice, making bacteria easy to enter and cause ascending infection. The best method is to sit up immediately after sexual activity and empty the urine to flush the urethra.
　　7. Urinate completely
　　Each time you urinate, make sure to empty your bladder completely, so there is no residual urine in the bladder.
　　8. Wear cotton underwear
　　Avoid synthetic fiber products, otherwise, it will hinder proper air circulation and promote bacterial growth.

　　In the diagnosis of chronic cystitis, in addition to relying on its clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations are also needed. The following are the examination items for this disease:
　　1. Urinalysis;
　　2. Bladder B-ultrasound;
　　3. Urinary tract imaging;
　　4. Cystoscopy;

　　When it comes to diet, chronic cystitis patients should eat more light foods such as eggs, tofu, adzuki beans, spinach, etc. Avoid eating raw, cold, and spicy foods. The diet of patients should be light and easy to digest, eat more vegetables and fruits, properly match the diet, and ensure adequate nutrition. In addition, patients also need to pay attention to avoid spicy, greasy, cold foods.

　　Treatment of Chronic Cystitis:
　　1. General Supportive Therapy Pay attention to rest, drink plenty of water, and ensure that the daily urine volume is greater than 2000ml. Strengthen nutrition, and avoid spicy, greasy, and cold foods.
　　2. Symptomatic Therapy Identify the pathogen, remove the cause of the disease, maintain smooth urination, and control the primary infection focus.
　　3. Drug Therapy Antibiotics are generally taken orally for 10-14 days, and then 1/2 of the dose is taken for 1-2 weeks after the routine urinalysis is negative. For female patients in their middle and youth who have recurrent attacks, antibiotics can be taken before and after sexual intercourse.