Acute simple gastritis

　　The main causes of acute simple gastritis include the following aspects:

　　1. Physical factors
　　Cold and hot foods, strong tea, coffee, strong alcohol,刺激性调味品 (spicy seasonings), and overly rough foods can all stimulate the gastric mucosa, destroying the mucosal barrier.

　　2. Chemical factors
　　Drugs such as aspirin interfere with the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides by gastric mucosal epithelial cells, reducing the amount of gastric mucus and weakening the protective effect of the lipoprotein membrane, leading to pathological processes such as congestion, edema, erosion, and bleeding of the gastric mucosa. Prostaglandin synthesis is inhibited, and the repair of the gastric mucosa is also affected.

　　3. Biological factors
　　Bacteria and their toxins. Common pathogenic bacteria include Salmonella, halophilic bacteria, pathogenic Escherichia coli, etc. Common toxins include Staphylococcus aureus or toxin bacillus toxins, especially the former are more common.

　　4. Mental and nervous factors
　　Disorders of mental and nervous functions, critical states of various acute severe diseases, as well as变态（allergic）reactions of the body can all cause acute inflammation and damage to the gastric mucosa.

　　5. Foreign bodies or gastric stones, radiotherapy in the gastric area
　　All of them can act as exogenous stimuli, leading to the disease.

　　Acute simple gastritis generally has an acute onset, with symptoms appearing several hours to 24 hours after eating contaminated food. Acute simple gastritis is a self-limiting disease with a short course, which can heal spontaneously after removing the pathogenic factors. Some cases may lead to massive hemorrhage resulting in hemorrhagic shock and peritonitis.

　　Acute simple gastritis is usually caused by infection or eating food contaminated with bacterial toxins. Generally, it has an acute onset, with symptoms appearing several hours to 24 hours after eating contaminated food. The severity of symptoms varies, presenting with epigastric and upper abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Due to the accompanying enteritis, diarrhea may occur with watery stools. Severe cases may present with fever, hematemesis and/or melena, dehydration, shock, and acidosis.

　　To prevent acute simple gastritis, attention should be paid to dietary hygiene in daily life, especially in summer and autumn, and it is important not to eat unclean food; it is necessary to avoid eating foods that are too irritating to the stomach, eat more easily digestible foods, and chew thoroughly; smoking and drinking should be prohibited, especially for those who already have stomach diseases, and efforts should be made to quit smoking and drinking.

　　The infectious factors causing acute simple gastritis usually result in a slight increase in peripheral blood leukocyte count and an increase in the proportion of neutrophils; those accompanied by enteritis may show a small amount of mucus and red and white blood cells in the routine stool examination, and pathogenic bacteria can be detected through stool culture. Endoscopic examination may reveal significant congestion and edema of the gastric mucosa, sometimes with erosion and bleeding spots, and the mucosal surface may be covered with thick inflammatory exudates and mucus. However, endoscopy is not necessary as a routine examination.

　　After the vomiting stops and the number of diarrhea decreases in patients with acute simple gastritis, a small amount of millet congee or thin lotus root powder can be selected to drink, and then gradually eat some congee, cooked thin noodles, thin noodles, etc., and continue to drink plenty of water. It is not advisable to eat foods rich in protein and fat such as meat and eggs or foods that are easy to cause bloating and foods rich in dietary fiber, such as milk should not be consumed temporarily.

　　The treatment of acute simple gastritis includes general treatment, symptomatic treatment, anti-infection, and maintenance of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. The specific treatment methods are as follows:

　　1. General treatment
　　The cause should be removed, and bed rest should be maintained, and all foods or drugs that stimulate the stomach should be stopped. Light diet should be given, and fasting should be prohibited if necessary. It is important to drink plenty of water, and sugar and salt water can be drunk when diarrhea is severe.

　　2. Symptomatic treatment
　　Treat different symptoms: for abdominal pain, local hot compress can be applied, and antispasmodic analgesics such as atropine, compound belladonna tablets, and scopolamine can be given for severe pain; for severe vomiting, metoclopramide (antivert) can be injected; if necessary, oral H2 receptor antagonists such as cimetidine and ranitidine can be given to reduce gastric acid secretion and alleviate mucosal inflammation; anti-acid drugs or mucosal protective drugs such as magnesium trisilicate or sucralfate can also be used.

　　3. Anti-infection treatment
　　Generally, anti-infection treatment is not required, but for those caused by bacteria, especially those accompanied by diarrhea, small berberine (coptis), furazolidone (antidiarrheal), sulfonamide preparations, norfloxacin (fluroxacin) and other quinolone preparations, gentamicin and other antibacterial drugs can be selected.

　　4. Maintain water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
　　When water and electrolyte imbalance occurs due to vomiting and diarrhea, mild cases can be given oral rehydration, and severe cases should be given intravenous rehydration with balanced salt solution or 5% glucose saline, and attention should be paid to potassium supplementation; for those with acidosis, 5% sodium bicarbonate injection can be used to correct it.