Immersion foot

　　1. Etiology

　　A non-freezing tissue injury caused by local circulatory disorders due to long-term static exposure of both lower limbs to a cold and damp environment.

　　2. Pathogenesis

　　Tight shoes, gloves, and a rigid, immobile standing posture can lead to dysfunction of vascular contraction and relaxation, heat loss, local ischemia causing tissue damage, increased vascular permeability, and the formation of edema. In addition, the leakage of fluid from the blood vessels increases the pressure inside the blood vessels, leading to stasis and further exacerbation of local ischemia.

　　Severe cases may present with blisters, blood blisters, intradermal or subcutaneous hemorrhage, skin desquamation or superficial gangrene, hair and nail plate loss, often accompanied by bacterial infection. Therefore, once found, active treatment is required, and preventive measures should also be taken in daily life.

　　1. Pre-congestion phase:It can occur shortly after exposure to a damp and cold environment, lasting for several hours to several days. Initially, there is only a local sensation of cold discomfort, which gradually becomes numb, the limb becomes cold and pale, numbness, mild swelling, and the pulse around the limb weakens or disappears with prolonged exposure.

　　2. Congestion phase:The onset usually occurs several hours after the patient leaves a damp and cold environment, lasting for 6 to 10 weeks. The affected limb becomes red, hot, without sweating, and shows obvious swelling, with a pronounced pulse. Diffuse burning pain appears, which intensifies continuously, and is replaced by paroxysmal sharp pain around ten days later. The pain worsens with heat and relieves with cold, and can be induced by various stimuli. Symptoms may include mild tachycardia, low fever, transient proteinuria, and systemic symptoms. In severe cases, blisters, blood blisters, intradermal or subcutaneous hemorrhage, skin desquamation, superficial gangrene, hair and nail plate loss, and often accompanied by bacterial infection.

　　3. Congestion stage:It can last for several months or years, with local temperature reduction of the affected limb, a sense of coldness, common Raynaud's phenomenon, hyperesthesia, sweating, joint stiffness, recurrent edema, bullae, atrophy of the skin and its appendages, and other phenomena.

　　In cold and humid environments, attention should be paid to keeping warm and preventing cold, wearing loose shoes and socks. Once the disease occurs, quickly leave the cold and humid environment, the patient should rest in bed, restore local blood circulation, the affected limb should be slightly flexed or elevated, moderately warmed, and gently massaged over the non-numb area of the affected limb. Pay attention to the protection of the affected area, elevate the lower limbs when resting, and regularly check the ultrasound monitoring of the affected area.

　　Histopathology: There are no obvious histopathological changes in the early stage. When functional impairment and nutritional damage occur, histopathological changes manifest as vascular injury, perivascular fibrosis, thickening of the vascular intima, thrombosis, luminal occlusion, fibrosis of the dermis, subcutaneous fat, and muscle fibers. It can involve nerves and have inflammatory cell infiltration.

　　1. Foods that are good for the body with abnormal temporomandibular joint and mandibular joint:

　　It is recommended to eat more high-calorie foods rich in vitamins. Moderate alcohol consumption is acceptable, and it is important to stick to physical exercise to enhance physical fitness and cold resistance. Pay attention to keeping warm, dry, and not wearing tight shoes and socks during cold seasons. Eat more vegetables and fruits such as bananas, strawberries, and apples. As they are rich in nutrients, eating more immune-boosting foods such as propolis can enhance personal resistance to diseases. In addition, it is important to have a balanced diet and ensure adequate nutrition.

　　2. Foods to avoid for abnormal temporomandibular joint and mandibular joint:

　　Avoid greasy, spicy, smoking, and drinking. Avoid eating cold and raw foods. To avoid the recurrence of diseases.

　　1. Treatment

　　Anticoagulants and vasodilators can be taken orally. Painkillers can be used when the pain is severe. Local封闭 treatment can also be performed, and sympathectomy can be performed if necessary. Appropriate treatment should be given to local bullae, gangrene, and infections, etc.

　　2. Prognosis

　　Local temperature of the affected limb decreases, with a sense of coldness, common Raynaud's phenomenon, hyperesthesia, sweating, joint stiffness, recurrent edema, bullae, atrophy of the skin and its appendages, and other phenomena.